A question asking about hydrogen breath tests, lactose, lactulose, or fructose in order to identify if the person’s lactulose or fructose intolerant. Some gastroenterologists’ advice [is] to limit most food sources of fructose and lactose after such [a] test.

Yes. They can be helpful if the patient’s not already aware. A lot of times, people who have lactose intolerance are pretty aware of it already. In terms of what to do after those tests, I think, again, that’s more of a symptom-driven approach. Okay, they are lactose or fructose intolerant, so just avoid those for the rest of their life. Maybe they will need to limit those foods, but maybe if we address SIBO and diagnose gut infections, parasites, fungal overgrowth, etc., maybe if we help balance their microbiome with probiotics and probiotics, [they’ll] actually be able to resume eating those foods. I can’t remember if I shared it in this course, I think I did, but some studies have shown that consuming yogurt or kefir starting with very small amounts and then progressing up over time can restore lactose tolerance. That’s pretty cool. That shows that modulating the gut microbiota, in this case, you’re getting, I think what the studies have suggested, you’re getting horizontal gene transfer from the bacteria in probiotic foods like yogurt and kefir to the bacteria and the microbiome, and that gene transfer then provides our gut microbiota with the ability to break down lactose, which I think is so cool, just seeing how that microbial interaction happens.