In cases of hyperglycemia, how do you make an assessment that the second insulin response is impaired or if there is beta cell damage?

Chris Kresser: You can’t really do that from the basic markers that we have on a case review panel. You can infer that using post-meal blood sugar testing as I mentioned, and in that case you’d see high post-meal blood sugars at two hours and three hours, so that initial first phase response could bring it down a little bit after the meals, but it might stay elevated and not go down at the two-hour and three-hour mark. And then there are some markers for beta cell function on the True Health Diagnostics diabetes prevention and management panel, which is part of a custom True Health Diagnostics follow-up panel that we use in our practice for patients that have either dyslipidemia or blood sugar disorders. I think I showed a few case studies in the hyperglycemia unit where we had some test results from that lab as a follow-up. But there’s a whole section of that panel called beta cell function. And if you see markers that are elevated or out of range in that section, then that would be suggestive of beta cell dysfunction.