If patients are taking testosterone or growth hormone, in what way could this impact the HPA axis results? I know it’s not part of the course. I’d be interested in your view on these.

Chris Kresser:  Regarding testosterone, if you’re ordering the Comprehensive DUTCH Panel, obviously it will affect the testosterone levels that show up on that panel. I don’t have enough samples of people who have been taking testosterone and have also done DUTCH test results. I’ll have to check with Mark Newman on that and see what he has observed in terms of the effects on cortisol and some of the other hormones that are measured on the HPA axis.