Chris Kresser: Yes, prebiotics are what increase butyrate. Bifidobacteria predominantly produces butyrate. If someone has low butyrate and they have decent levels of beneficial bacteria, that’s less common to see, but you can still see it. This, again, goes back to one of those situations where the textbook doesn’t match the clinical presentation. It may be that they have low levels of some other species of bacteria or genre of bacteria that’s not reported on the test panel, so using prebiotics in that situation might be a way of increasing it anyway. Particularly resistant starch can be effective at increasing butyrate.